What is ecocide?

Ecocide means severe and widespread or long-term damage to the environment caused by unlawful or reckless acts. Campaigners want it recognised as a crime, both nationally and at the International Criminal Court. It is not currently a specific crime in UK law, though a bill to create one passed its first stage in Scotland in 2026.

In 2021 an independent expert panel proposed a legal definition. It covers unlawful or wanton acts likely to cause severe and either widespread or long-term environmental damage. Campaigners want this added as a fifth crime at the International Criminal Court. In 2024 Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa formally proposed amending the court's statute. Some campaigners call it the missing crime. The idea is growing.

Some countries have moved already. Belgium added ecocide to its criminal code in 2024. The European Union's 2024 Environmental Crime Directive includes offences comparable to ecocide. In Scotland, the Ecocide (Scotland) Bill passed its first stage by 90 votes to 26 in February 2026. It did not complete its passage before the May 2026 election. It may be reintroduced. Campaigners hope so.

Supporters argue that ecocide laws would make company bosses and officials personally responsible for the worst environmental harm. Critics argue existing environmental laws are enough if properly enforced. They also worry that vague definitions could deter investment in mining, energy and farming. Supporters reply that clear definitions can be written and that the worst cases already cause enormous harm. The UK government has not backed an ecocide offence.